Why Your AI Agents Are Only as Good as the Knowledge Behind Them

The race to deploy AI agents is accelerating, but most organizations are still building on sand. A new Gartner report suggests that the key to building reliable AI agents is a “context layer”.

According to Gartner’s latest research, 42% of enterprises plan to deploy AI agents by the end of 2026, and AI agent spending is expected to grow from 22% to 31% of total AI budgets in just one year¹. Despite this wave of investment, only one in five organizations report that their GenAI tools are delivering significant value. Hallucinations, limited impact, and unpredictable behavior remain stubbornly common.

The problem, Gartner argues, isn’t the models, but rather what surrounds them.

The Missing Layer

Behind every reliable AI agent is something Gartner now calls a “context layer”— a dedicated architectural component that curates, organizes, and delivers the knowledge an agent needs to act intelligently. Without it, agents are left processing noisy, poorly prioritized data, making expensive errors and producing outputs that can’t be trusted or traced.

Gartner is unambiguous about the stakes: by 2027, organizations that prioritize semantics in AI-ready data could increase their agentic AI accuracy by up to 80% and reduce costs by up to 60%. The context layer is no longer an optional refinement — it is the necessary foundation.

And yet this layer cannot simply be purchased. No vendor offers it out of the box. It must be engineered, assembled from services, capabilities, and custom modeling that together transform an organization’s tacit knowledge into something AI agents can actually use.

Three Components, One Foundation

As stated in the report, there are three interlocking components that make up this ‘context’ layer: semantics, operational state, and provenance. Together, they form a pipeline that allows agents to retrieve the right information, organize it coherently, and act on it with accountability.

Semantics: Meaning, Not Just Data

Semantics is the component most organizations are missing, despite it being the one with the greatest leverage. Gartner finds that organizations implementing semantic modelling such as ontologies and knowledge graphs, are 2.2 times more likely to achieve high effectiveness in AI data engineering, however, only 40% of organizations have done so. 

Semantics means representing your organization’s knowledge—business entities, rules, policies, relationships, metrics—in machine-readable form. This allows AI agents to interpret what something means in context and execute an action based on that context, not just pattern-match on keywords. Without this layer, even the most sophisticated agent is, in effect, guessing.

This is precisely the domain where metaphactory brings long-standing proven capability. metaphactory by metaphacts, a Digital Science solution, is a knowledge graph platform enabling organizations to build and maintain rich semantic models for over a decade—connecting business glossaries, ontologies, and data products in ways that AI agents can directly leverage. For organizations serious about agentic AI, a robust semantic foundation isn’t a future aspiration; it is a prerequisite.

Operational State: The Right Information at the Right Time

While semantics provides meaning, your operational state provides situational awareness. AI agents need access to current, accurate information about the entities and processes they’re acting on beyond just snapshots, such as up-to-date information on customers, datasets, experiments, publications and suppliers. 

For research-intensive organizations, this is particularly acute. The ‘operational state’ of a research environment spans live datasets, ongoing experiments, researcher expertise, institutional repositories, and the evolving landscape of published science. Digital Science’s portfolio—including Dimensions, Altmetric, and Figshare—represents exactly this kind of curated, continuously updated operational knowledge. Rather than building this knowledge from scratch, organizations working in research and innovation already have access to a pre-assembled foundation.

Gartner also highlights the Model Context Protocol (MCP) as the emerging standard for connecting agents to operational state efficiently and securely. Dimensions, Altmetric, and metaphactory already support MCP, reflecting a broader conviction that research infrastructure should be designed to meet agents where they are, not retrofitted after the fact. As adoption of the protocol grows across the industry, having well-structured knowledge accessible through it will matter more, not less.

Provenance: Trust Through Traceability

The third component—provenance—is what makes agentic AI governable. It encompasses the systematic tracking of data lineage, agent decisions, actions, outcomes, and feedback across the full lifecycle of AI operations.

For research organizations, publishers, and funders, provenance isn’t merely a governance checkbox. It is central to the integrity of the work itself. Reproducibility, accountability, and the ability to audit AI-assisted conclusions are not simply peripheral concerns; they are defining ones. Gartner notes that 74% of organizations recognize that data governance tools are essential to operationalizing AI governance, yet robust provenance mechanisms remain rare in practice.

Digital Science’s longstanding commitment to open, traceable research infrastructure, including persistent identifiers, transparent data lineage and open metadata, gives research organizations a natural head start on this component. The challenge is connecting these capabilities explicitly into the agentic architecture, so that every AI-assisted decision can be traced back to its sources and reviewed.

Research Intelligence as a Context Layer

There is a broader framing worth making explicit here: for organizations operating in research, science, and innovation, the context layer is not merely a technical architecture problem. It is, at its core, a research intelligence problem.

The tacit knowledge Gartner describes—the organizational understanding that must be made machine-readable for AI agents to function—is, in a research context, the accumulated intelligence of a scientific community: what has been discovered, by whom, with what methods, validated how, and applied where.

We have spent over a decade building infrastructure that captures precisely this kind of knowledge at scale. The shift to agentic AI doesn’t make that infrastructure less relevant—it makes it more so. The question is no longer just “can researchers find the right information?” but “can AI agents, acting on researchers’ behalf, find, interpret, and act on that information reliably and accountably?”

The answer depends entirely on the quality of the context layer underneath.

What This Means in Practice

For R&D leaders and data and analytics leaders, the practical implication is this: before asking which AI agent to deploy, ask what context layer you have in place to support it. Gartner’s advice is to start with high-value use cases rather than attempting a comprehensive build all at once—iterate, demonstrate outcomes, and expand. That is sound counsel. But iteration without a semantic foundation, without right-time data access, and without provenance mechanisms will simply produce faster failures.

The organizations that will lead in agentic AI are not those that move fastest to deploy agents. It is the organizations that invest earliest in the knowledge infrastructure that make agents worth deploying.

Digital Science is working with research organizations and data-intensive enterprises to build the context layers their AI strategies require.

If you’d like to explore what this looks like for your organization, get in touch.

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1. Gartner. (2026). The 3 core components of the context layer for AI agents. [Research Note/Report]. https://www.gartner.com/document/ [G00848874]

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REF readiness: evidencing Contribution to Knowledge & Understanding

In the first blog in this series, we explored engagement and impact readiness for the Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2029. Here, we turn to the second element of assessment: Contribution to Knowledge & Understanding, and what it takes to approach it with evidence and confidence.

Contribution to Knowledge & Understanding (CKU) sits at the core of REF assessment. For institutions preparing submissions, the task is not simply to present strong individual outputs, but to show how research collectively advances knowledge within and across disciplines and how that work was enabled and supported within the institution’s research environment.

As REF 2029 approaches, most institutions will find that they are not short of high-quality research.  The task they now have is to present that research as a coherent, representative, and defensible account of contribution, traceable back to the people, grants, and infrastructure that enabled it.

That distinction matters more than it might first appear.

Beyond completeness

It is tempting to frame CKU readiness as a data completeness problem. If all outputs are captured, the argument goes, selection can proceed with confidence.

But completeness is not the same as representation.

REF panels assess whether a submitted body of work reflects the range and diversity of a unit’s research activity, not simply whether a record exists for every output. A dataset can be complete and still produce a submission that is narrow, uneven, or poorly contextualised.

“The challenge for universities is not simply about capturing and submitting quality research outputs to REF, it is about demonstrating the full diversity and breadth of the research outputs. In choosing which outputs to submit, universities are expected to demonstrate the diverse range of staff contributing to the outputs; the diverse range of disciplines, research methods and output types whilst also ensuring that contributions from inter- and multi-disciplinary collaborations are represented,” says Natalie Dallat, Head of Research Performance, Ulster University.

This distinction has practical implications. In a decoupled framework, where submitted outputs do not need to be linked to specific individuals, institutions still need to demonstrate a substantive connection between research and the environment that enabled it. That requires not just complete records, but well-contextualised ones.

Three areas of risk are worth examining in turn.

Output visibility: what institutions know and what they can prove

In practice, most significant outputs are already known to institutions. Academic workflows, open access deposit requirements, and internal review processes mean that the majority of relevant publications are captured somewhere.

The more common challenge is not absence but unevenness, gaps in coverage that accumulate over time through staff mobility, inconsistent author affiliations, publications linked to grants but not captured locally, and interdisciplinary outputs that fall between Units of Assessment (UoA).

Figure 1: University of Oxford, all publications 2021-present

These are rarely major gaps in institutional systems. But in aggregate, they can affect the completeness and credibility of a submission, particularly in disciplines where research activity may be systematically underrepresented relative to its actual volume.

Addressing this requires two complementary layers. Research information systems such as Symplectic Elements provide structured output capture, validation workflows, and linkage between researchers, publications and grants, creating the audit trail that REF governance demands. An independent, interconnected data layer such as Dimensions then enables cross-checking: surfacing missing outputs, highlighting metadata discrepancies, and providing a broader view of publication activity beyond local records.

“What Dimensions allows institutions to do is essentially hold a mirror up to their own systems. Not to replace internal records, but to ask: is what we’re seeing internally representative of what’s actually out there? For some disciplines or research groups, that comparison can be revealing,” explains Ann Campbell, Director Research Impact & Comparative Analytics at Digital Science.

Together, structured capture and independent validation strengthen confidence in completeness before output selection begins and provide a more defensible evidence base for the decisions that follow.

Understanding performance within fields

Once institutions have confidence in the completeness of their records, a second challenge emerges: interpreting performance in a way that is fair and defensible across disciplines.

Raw citation counts rarely tell the full story. Citation norms vary significantly across fields; what constitutes a well-cited output in a fast-moving biomedical discipline looks very different from the equivalent in history or architecture. A paper with 20 citations might be considered relatively modest in one field, but well above average in another. 

While output selection is typically led by discipline experts within UoA, decisions are often informed by broader portfolios and mixed indicators. Without appropriate field-level contextualisation, there may be tendency to overvalue some outputs that align with readily interpretable patterns of performance (i.e., citation counts) and undervalue others particularly where interdisciplinary research is involved. This can have consequences both for selection and for the narrative presented to panels. 

The scale of this variation is visible in the data. Across UK institutions, raw citation counts for outputs in Units of Assessment such as Clinical Medicine or Physics far exceed those in disciplines like History or Art & Design, and yet when performance is measured relative to field norms, the picture shifts substantially. Units that appear modest on raw citations often demonstrate strong or above-average relative contribution when field-normalised indicators are applied. For institutions making selection decisions across multiple UoAs, this difference is not academic: it directly affects which outputs are recognised as genuinely competitive, and which risk being undervalued simply because they sit in lower-citation disciplines.

Figure 2: Average citation counts vary substantially across Units of Assessment, while field-normalised performance (FCR) highlights strong relative contribution in disciplines where raw citation accumulation may be lower. *

*  Average citation counts and field-normalised citation performance across REF Units of Assessment (2014–2021, UK Institutions, articles only using Dimensions UoA Classification) 

Figure 3: Average Citation Count per Publication

Field-normalised indicators and disciplinary benchmarking support a more accurate and defensible reading of performance. Dimensions enables field-normalised citation analysis, benchmarking against peer institutions, collaboration pattern analysis, and trend tracking across time.

Peer review remains central to CKU assessment. But contextual data helps institutions approach that peer review better prepared with a clearer sense of where their research sits within its field, and a stronger basis for the interpretive narrative they are expected to provide.

From individual outputs to coherent thematic narratives

CKU submissions are strongest when outputs form a coherent intellectual narrative. Panels respond to thematic depth and sustained advancement of knowledge not isolated high-performing items, however well-cited they may be.

That makes output selection a genuinely strategic exercise and the scale of the choices involved is considerable. Analysis of REF21 submission patterns shows that the typical institution produced eligible research across 33 of the 34 UoA, but submitted to just 20. In nearly one in five cases where an institution had a meaningful body of research within a UoA, that UoA received no submission at all. Even within the UoAs that institutions chose to submit, the median coverage rate was under 7%.

Figure 4: Research breadth vs submission breadth

The submitted profile, in other words, represents a deliberately selective slice of a much broader underlying research base. That selectivity is appropriate as REF rewards quality over volume, and strategic narrowing is both permitted and expected. But it means the submitted body of work must tell a coherent story about where an institution’s research genuinely lies. Getting that story right requires a clear view of the full landscape: understanding where depth is concentrated, where disciplines connect, and where gaps might undermine the coherence of what is presented to panels. 

Thematic clustering and citation network analysis can help identify areas of concentrated strength and the interdisciplinary bridges that connect them. These analytical approaches surface patterns that may not be visible when outputs are reviewed individually, and support the kind of coherent story that distinguishes a strong CKU submission.

That coherent story, however, increasingly needs to account for more than publications alone. As REF increasingly recognises diverse outputs, datasets, code, preprints, and other research artefacts alongside traditional publications, institutions also need infrastructure that makes that breadth visible and accessible. 

The evidence from REF21 illustrates how far there is still to go: of the 4,000 non-traditional outputs submitted, almost three quarters had unknown or unresolvable locations, and only 244 had DOIs. REF21 Main Panel D assessors noted the wide variety, inconsistent quality and uneven preservation of practice-based outputs with many hosted on fragile, short-lived platforms that were difficult to navigate. 

Platforms such as Figshare support persistent access, DOI assignment and the presentation of these materials as part of a coherent research record, ensuring that the full range of contribution is available for assessment.

Scholarly visibility: useful context, not a proxy for contribution

While CKU is fundamentally about intellectual contribution, the broader circulation of research can provide supplementary context. Where outputs are being cited in policy documents, taken up in professional practice, or discussed in specialist communities, those signals can help situate the reach of a body of work, particularly in applied or interdisciplinary fields where impact pathways are diverse.

Altmetric can surface where outputs are being referenced beyond traditional citation indexes, from policy and clinical guidelines to media and public discourse. These signals do not measure contribution to knowledge and understanding, and should not be presented as a substitute for bibliometric evidence or peer judgement. But as additional context, they can help round out the picture, particularly for outputs whose significance may not be fully reflected in citation metrics alone.

The important distinction is that scholarly visibility supports interpretation. It does not replace it.

From reactive selection to confident CKU readiness

CKU readiness is about planning, not last-minute correction. Institutions that approach it most effectively don’t wait until selection is imminent. They build the evidence base over time, ensuring completeness, contextualising performance, and constructing the thematic narrative that panels expect to see. 

“What we often see is that institutions feel more confident in REF preparation when they’ve been building the picture gradually over time. It becomes easier to understand where strengths are emerging, how research sits within its field, and how to present that contribution coherently,” says Campbell.

REF readiness is about leading, not lagging. For CKU, that means investing in the evidence and infrastructure and contextual understanding that supports selection throughout the cycle. 

Institutions preparing for REF29 are increasingly focusing on areas such as: 

• ensuring completeness of publication records using interconnected data solutions such as Dimensions to validate coverage beyond institutional systems
• structuring output capture and governance through systems such as Symplectic Elements, linking people, publications and grants
• contextualising performance within disciplinary norms through field-normalised analysis in solutions such as Dimensions
• preserving diverse outputs and research artefacts with persistent identifiers, through repositories like Figshare
• drawing on supplementary context from tools such as Altmetric and Dimensions to situate reach and scholarly engagement

Together, these form the building blocks of a CKU submission that is traceable, representative, and defensible.

Digital Science supports this readiness through interconnected solutions that strengthen evidence and decision-making, while leaving judgement firmly with institutions and REF panels.

Whether you want to audit output visibility and identify gaps in your publication record, benchmark your CKU evidence within disciplinary context, or map the thematic strengths that will anchor your submission narrative, Digital Science can help.

Book a call to explore how.

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From The Lancet to TikTok: Benchmarking success for publication strategy in medical affairs

Scientific communications have never traveled so far so fast. Medical affairs teams need an omnichannel approach to planning and monitoring publication strategy.

Compass Points: The Future of Medical Affairs is a series exploring the strategic challenges facing medical affairs teams in today’s communication landscape—and the tools that will help them get it right. 

The goal of everyone working in medical affairs is ultimately to improve patient care. But success is contingent not only upon the research, trialing and production of innovative treatments; it depends equally upon the firm’s ability to educate on the suitable applications of a new treatment and establish trust within healthcare environments.

If healthcare practitioners don’t know a better treatment or diagnostic exists—or if they do, but they don’t trust it—they won’t use it in treatment plans. This has implications for the quality of patient care and commercial impacts for the firms creating those new treatments.

But the chain of communication is more fragmented and complex than it has ever been, and this makes identifying and monitoring how information travels difficult. In order to make sure information is reaching the right people in the right places, medical affairs teams need benchmarking and measurement tools, like Compass by Dimensions, which are capable of processing the rich, complicated reality of the communication landscape today. 

How does scientific information travel?

Up until the recent decade, it was common for a healthcare provider to learn about new treatments and come to believe in their legitimacy after reading about them in a respected journal. This was a typical part of a clinician’s day, and reflects the supremacy of journals such as The Lancet or the New England Journal of Medicine, which is still entrenched today.

In recent years, scientific breakthroughs have found purchase across more diffuse channels, such as newspapers, radio and television. Now, scientific information is disseminated in every direction—both via “linear” one-to-many channels such as journals and also rhizomatically, across low-frequency networks such as social media, podcasts, internet forums, and word of mouth. 

This has the undeniable benefit of bringing critical information to wider audiences, often with tremendous speed, but these channels lack the legitimacy of the big journals. 

A new approach to scientific communication

Everything from peer-reviewed podcasts and video abstracts to plain language summaries and audience-segmented data now form a critical part of scientific communication. Where before this information could only travel in the rarefied air of prestigious journals, today, important research outcomes are accessible to audiences beyond academics and even beyond healthcare professionals. 

This is a positive trend; these popular channels open research findings and awareness to patients and advocates—who, in rare disease settings, are often the best-informed in a given room.

Publication planners should embrace the potential that comes with this reality; with it comes the opportunity to reach new markets and to better influence treatment protocols even in remote fields. 

For example, isolated clinicians in dispersed healthcare environments are historically among the hardest to reach and among the most likely to be using outdated treatments. They may not be reading The Lancet. They may not be at the big conferences. But if those clinicians encounter a new treatment option in a mid-tier journal, in a podcast, on social media, and in a clinical newsletter, they may change their prescribing behavior. 

In these popular channels, trust and legitimacy is assigned instead by the opinion leaders who share about medical or scientific topics. The speed with which information travels and nature of the conversation it elicits can color its reception—making monitoring each type of channel all the more important. 

Without a clear view of this data, medical affairs risks unsuitable communications plans that fail both the commercial objectives attached to a given asset and the people they intend to help with it. 

How can measuring publication performance impact commercial and medical objectives? 

Scientific information is traveling in novel ways. It is an entirely new challenge for publication planners and communications professionals to attempt to parse, measure, and analyze this data so that they may better design future communications strategies.  

To know if you’re succeeding, you first need to know what success looks like. 

In the 1980s, success could be measured in citation counts. This was appropriate as journals were a primary mode of scientific communication. Today, the gold standard for measuring how information travels and resonates is fuzzier. 

Planners know that omnichannel communication forms a critical part of a robust publication strategy. But to date, there hasn’t been a simple way to collate a unified view of research impact across the spectrum of communication channels at play. 

So, planners often still rely on citation counts, as these are concrete and reproducible as a measurement. But they reflect academic attention almost exclusively and obscure the impact of a given asset outside of these narrow academic channels. Weaving in altmetrics is a highly manual process, where planners must stitch together sources such as mentions on social media, broadcast media and journals. This practice is time consuming and difficult to rely upon because it is so difficult to standardize and view in aggregate. Online conversation might move in ways that are impossible to predict or track, making metrics difficult to compare and learn from.

But pressure for hard numbers and clarity is growing. High-quality research that fails to reach its audience is, commercially, wasted investment. Research that doesn’t travel can’t shape clinical awareness, influence prescribing behavior, or support often costly distribution activities. Planners need a single, unified view of total scientific impact which they can rely upon.

How should medical affairs teams build publication strategy?

To know a given communication is having the desired effect, planners need a view of three things:

• Reach: is information propagating across relevant networks, i.e., news, social media, podcasts, clinical commentary
• Engagement: are the intended audiences engaging with the research, and how are they talking about it
• Impact: is there evidence of the therapeutic conversation or relevant policies shifting 

The performance data needed to answer questions of reach and commercial viability exists. But the fragmentation of social platforms adds complexity—monitoring must now span X, BlueSky, Reddit, and beyond—but the richness of this data is unprecedented and therefore invaluable. 

Compass tracks reach, engagement and impact and provides an overall view of scientific impact, so planners tracking alternative metrics can identify, track and analyze trends over time. From there, they can use aggregate views of asset performance as jumping off points for sentiment analysis and deeper audience research.

See how publication attention is distributed across domains

Having this data to hand makes publication strategy an endeavor of cause and effect rather than guesswork—seeing where research has resonated particularly well or potentially missed the mark informs each subsequent communications plan. 

Why is benchmarking so important in medical affairs publication strategy?

Understanding your own reach and engagement is important, but without a point of comparison, it’s impossible to know whether a result is strong or where resources are well spent. Benchmarking performance—understanding what reach, engagement impact looks like per therapeutic area—against internal track records and those of competitors must form a central tenet of publication strategy.

Medical affairs teams must benchmark in two directions. 

The first is competitive benchmarking: understanding how your publications and communications are performing relative to peer firms working in the same therapeutic area. This type of benchmarking helps identify gaps in therapeutic discourse along with spaces that are already crowded, helping planners tailor and prioritize their approach.

Monitor top-performing publications by their Altmetric attention score and citation count

The second is industry benchmarking: understanding how your publication performance compares across therapeutic areas and channels. What does a typical volume of clinical engagement look like for the launch of a publication? What level of social chatter is reasonable to expect from a given journal tier? What rate of sentiment shift can be linked to momentum within therapeutic environments?

Compare publication performance against selected disease area or drug benchmarks

In short: benchmarking defines how we might judge success. Together, competitive and industry benchmarking transform measurement from a simple reporting exercise into a strategic one. They make it possible to set meaningful publication targets, track progress against them, and align publication activity with clinical trial milestones and other medical affairs priorities.

Ultimately, being able to access, monitor, and derive insights from this data will deliver not only a critical competitive and strategic advantage; it will help ensure information is reaching the people who need it.

“The proliferation of communication channels, and the increasingly diverse ways in which HCPs gather and share information about treatments have resulted in a very dynamic and complex impact environment. Compass from Dimensions represents a significant step forward in simplifying how we understand and communicate the values of our omnichannel strategies.”—Mike Taylor, Head of Information & Analytics, Digital Science

Compass was designed to help answer these questions of impact. Built on Dimensions and Altmetrics data, Compass combines publication and altmetrics into a single collaborative workflow, simplifying how medical affairs teams benchmark, track and manage publication impact and reach. Compass by Dimensions is developed by Digital Science, an AI-focused technology company that transforms fragmented data into unified knowledge assets, leveraging AI and Knowledge Graphs to deliver structured, actionable intelligence for high-value discovery and innovation. By combining unparalleled data depth and breadth with enterprise-ready AI technology, we help leaders confidently accelerate product life cycles and secure a decisive market lead.

Curious about what Compass can do for your team? Book a demo and start your free trial today.

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Why the future of Pharma data can only be FAIR

FAIR data is a defining component for a future-proofed pharma or life science enterprise. But what is FAIR data, and how can data be made FAIR? We explain how knowledge graphs achieve FAIR data to accelerate discovery, overcome regulatory hurdles, and supercharge AI you can trust.

AI is transforming the pharma and life sciences industries and the market for AI in the pharmaceutical industry is projected to reach $13.1 billion by 2034. Within the drug development process alone, the application of AI is expected to shorten drug-to-market timelines from 5-7 years to as little as 12-18 months. The market is already awash with AI tools promising to revolutionize the industry – including OpenFold3, which helps researchers predict the 3D structure of proteins, and Chemistry42, a “generative chemistry” platform. 

But FAIR data is fundamental for successful AI. If data isn’t findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, then the quality of AI outputs is compromised, and money and time spent on AI projects is wasted. 

Knowledge graphs are conceptual models that visualize relationships between real-world objects and concepts. In this blog post, we pull key insights from the metaphacts video series Mind the Graph: Knowledge graphs in Pharma, featuring Peter Dörr, Director of PreSales at metaphacts (a Digital Science company), where he explores how enterprises in these industries are leveraging knowledge graphs to make their data FAIR and meet complex data needs across the whole value chain from R&D to clinical trials to manufacturing.

What is FAIR data and how do you achieve it?

“Knowledge graphs are there to make data FAIR.” But what exactly is FAIR data, how do knowledge graphs achieve FAIR data and why should FAIR data matter to industry leaders? 

The FAIR principles are guidelines published in the Scientific Data journal, which emphasize machine-actionability. The acronym stands for Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability. These are guiding principles that are applicable to data architectures across all industries, and are especially beneficial for industries that are data-intensive and strict regulatory and compliance requirements. 

Knowledge graphs make data findable because they standardize cataloging and provide a unified metadata layer. As Peter explains, it’s not just the knowledge graphs in of themselves that achieve FAIR data. When there is a semantic layer underpinning your knowledge graph, the semantic layer explicitly defines business objects, they bridge the semantic gap (where machines or humans interpret the meaning of an object differently, misinterpreting each other). This makes data accessible. 

Often built on open standards, like RDF, OWL and SKOS, knowledge graphs help companies to create a machine-readable “digital twin” of their organization’s data landscape – meaning that data is rendered interoperable, and computer systems or software are able to easily exchange and make use of the information. 

Finally, because knowledge graphs aren’t static, they can be easily repurposed and reused. Because knowledge graphs don’t include a fixed database schema, they are more like a living map of your data, which extends and changes as you add new insights. This is unlike traditional databases, where data is stored in rigid tables, and new questions require an upheaval of the existing data structure.

Imagine you build a graph to successfully map the Genomic Targets for a rare disease. When you want to map the Genomic Targets for a new disease, using the knowledge graph, you can simply layer in the clinical trial data for the new drug. This saves potentially months of work on data migration and schema redesign.  

FAIR pharma data is AI-ready pharma data

“Un-FAIR data creates unsuccessful AI projects.” In the pharma and life sciences industry, unsuccessful AI projects create dead ends, and time-intensive applications of tools that fail to return meaningful ROI. Unfortunately common. But when clearly structured, machine-readable FAIR data is fed to AI, the output is high-quality and traceable. 

Tools like ChatGPT and Gemini AI are already being used by many employees in the pharmaceutical industry. However, LLMs are not fully-trusted sources of information. Because there is no clear trail of where information was sourced, standalone LLMs provide untraceable answers. This “black box” effect means that even the creators of LLMs are unable to explain how their models arrive at their answers. In an environment where trust is key, using ungrounded AI is a dangerous game.

The consequences of misapplied AI in the pharma industry are especially severe. AI hallucinations can potentially result in life-or-death mistakes. In fact, a report by SwissRe predicted that in 2032-34, the health and pharma industry will be most at risk of AI misappropriation. Misappropriation of AI might include citing a non-existent clinical study during the drug development process or relying too heavily on the speed and convenience of AI outputs, and shirking necessary due diligence. For example, fast-tracking a drug to market despite having overlooked its potential for long-term toxicity. 

FAIR data is designed to make data machine-readable and AI-actionable. Unlike generic LLMs, by grounding AI in knowledge graphs and FAIR data, the results are transparent and traceable. This detailed metadata provides the explainability needed to ensure pharma and life science companies can trust their AI outputs. One of the benefits of building knowledge graphs with metaphactory is not only that the results are AI-optimized, but that metaphactory is a frontrunner in utilizing AI to simplify building and querying the data.

Unlock insights and bridge-silos with FAIR Data

Although pharmaceutical companies share many of the same data challenges as any large organization, Peter isolates two main pain points in the industry. One is that pharma is a science-driven industry, and science creates a lot of data.

And disconnected data from different labs and publications not only slows down research and development, but data silos undermine efficiency across every operational stage. 

For example, Peter illustrates, if you want to repurpose a drug and you fail to connect two relevant research papers, you miss a huge opportunity. Expensive approaches like migrating fragmented data to central repositories like data warehouses and lakes can end up being time-consuming and inflexible. Point-to-point integration is difficult to scale and both approaches ultimately fail to provide the holistic point of view necessary to truly mitigate data silos. 

Because FAIR data uses standardized ontologies, data from different labs, systems and even across different geographic locations and languages can be integrated together harmoniously without great expense or time. Rather than wasting time searching for data, or missing out on data opportunities, or wasting time evaluating unnecessary information and resources already available within the organization, having a “digital twin” of the company’s data modeled in a semantic layer means that data is findable and usable, even to those with limited technical expertise.

One of the successes Boehringer Ingelheim, a German pharmaceutical company, achieved by using metaphactory is that researchers are now able to gain insights and make discoveries much faster than before. This is because their knowledge graphs now provide a holistic and navigational view of their data.

Not only do knowledge graphs help map internal knowledge, but life science and pharma companies also have the option of tapping their internal knowledge into the Dimensions Knowledge Graph. 

The Dimensions Knowledge Graph captures 350 million semantically annotated and linked records of global research, and enables integrations with public datasets and ontologies.

Besides the exploration of public datasets, exchanging knowledge with external companies or even competitors can be mutually beneficial. Pre-competitive knowledge sharing in biotech and pharmaceuticals accelerates the discovery of solutions to shared problems. One example of this type of valuable collaboration is ICODA (International COVID-19 Data Alliance), a global initiative in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

But as Peter explains, this could pose its own regulatory and data privacy concerns. In these scenarios, knowledge graphs enable collaborators to exchange only the required metadata, and make case-by-case access decisions. All of this can be visualized in individualized dashboards, which can be tailored to specific needs by asking natural language questions to generative AI.

Stress-free compliance with FAIR data and knowledge graphs

As we just touched on, another concern at the top of the pharmaceutical industry agenda is regulation. To keep patients safe and their medical data secure, regulatory requirements are high.

Companies are beginning to realize the benefit of drawing upon personal data from wearable devices, electronic health records and insurance claims to inform their decisions and monitor efficacy. But more personal data means greater responsibility and pressure to meet regulatory standards. 

Although regulatory agencies encourage the use of real-world evidence (RWE), enterprises must ensure that this real-world data satisfies the stakeholders involved in regulatory policies and guidelines, including government agencies, NGOs, and health tech assessment agencies.

In one case, an unexpected, but simple request from a regulator to provide information on a single ingredient sent one pharmaceutical company on a long, labor-intensive journey to satisfy the request. Why did it take so long? Because they had un-FAIR data. 

FAIR principles provide a complete, machine-readable audit trail of a company’s data. This simplifies regulatory processes and ensures that data meets industry standards. Taking an example from another company, one success of Boehringer Ingelheim’s knowledge graph architecture is that now, regulatory tasks are simplified as compliance can align internal direct product data with their EMA product database.

FAIR data and knowledge graphs provide the structured, flexible and comprehensive solution to manage the vast amount of data collected day to day in the pharma and life science sectors. Taking another real-life example, one Swiss healthcare company used metaphactory to build a FAIR in vivo data sharing platform. This allowed researchers, bioinformaticians, and lab scientists to browse, search, access, and extract meaningful insights obtained during preclinical studies whilst also preparing the data to meet regulatory submissions. 

AI-integration, silo mitigation and demanding regulation, simplified with knowledge graphs

The global pharmaceutical market is expected to reach 3.5 billion by 2035. But the companies that will claim the most from this growth won’t be the ones that throw the most money at AI, but the ones with the most reliable, FAIR data. 

More and more companies, like Boehringer Ingelheim, that are wise to this reality have built ontologies with the help of tools like metaphactory, and already reap the rewards of this technology. Meanwhile, competitors flounder in un-FAIR, AI-incompatible data landscapes.

In this blog, we’ve explored why FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) is the linchpin of any forward-looking data strategy. From accelerating discovery and uncovering hidden insights, to creating a machine-readable audit trail of data and closing data silos and bridging semantic gaps, knowledge graphs make data FAIR, and FAIR data is future-proofed.

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Learn more about Digital Science’s data solutions for pharma and life science enterprises

AI-integration, mitigating data silos and satisfying regulatory requirements are just three easy wins of introducing knowledge graph architecture into your pharma or life sciences enterprise.

But this is just the start of what knowledge graph technology can help enterprises achieve. Since 2010, Digital Science has been working with organizations, including life science and pharmaceutical enterprises, to create tailored tools to foster innovation and collaboration. 

Digital Science has developed and refined solutions that super-charge the whole research lifecycle, whether safeguarding research programs, enhancing decision making, or showcasing the impact of research.

You can browse the full range of AI-enhanced tools here, or read more about how these tools are already being applied in pharma on our blog. 

Watch clips from the Mind the Graph: Knowledge graphs in pharma video series here.

The post Why the future of Pharma data can only be FAIR appeared first on Digital Science.

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Research security is national security.

Global science is now a battleground for influence.

Modern global science has become a critical frontline for national security, yet many U.S. agencies remain caught in a “strategic paradox.”

While new federal mandates like Executive Order 14303 and the OSTP’s Gold Standard Science require deep vetting of research partnerships, traditional agency workflows are often ill-equipped to track complex, real-time affiliations in a landscape increasingly influenced by geostrategic competitors.

This creates a strategic gap where oversight mechanisms have failed to keep pace with the shifting realities of global collaboration and talent flows.

U.S. agencies can no longer afford to operate with the operational handicaps of legacy research solutions.”

To address these challenges, agencies must shift from reactive risk management to proactive strategic oversight by adopting integrated, real-time research intelligence.

Digital Science’s Dimensions platform provides a secure, FedRAMP-grade solution that allows agencies to visualize institutional networks, flag indirect ties to high-risk entities, and verify researcher credentials.

By embedding these data-rich insights into daily decision-making, funding bodies can ensure national research remains a strategic asset without compromising scientific openness.

To learn more, check out our exclusive eBook, Securing R&D Intelligence in the Age of Geopolitical AI.

eBook

Securing R&D Intelligence in the Age of Geopolitical AI

Download the eBook now

Related reading

If you enjoyed the ebook, you should definitely check out our companion blog post, Securing the R&D Edge. It takes the high-level concepts we just covered and shows how this “strategic infrastructure” actually works in the real world to protect U.S. innovation from being spread too thin or targeted by outside interference.

Find out more

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Digital Science announces Altmetric Attention Digest to transform research impact communication

Decode research’s societal impact and see what drives attention – combining Altmetric’s data insights with powerful GenAI narratives

London, UK – Thursday 26 March 2026

Digital Science, a leading technology company serving stakeholders across the research ecosystem, is pleased to announce a new AI-powered feature for Altmetric that makes it easier to understand and communicate research impact.

The new Altmetric Attention Digest streamlines the process of demonstrating research value by automatically generating concise, narrative summaries of a research output’s attention and influence.

This capability moves beyond simply quantifying mentions – it provides a deeper understanding of who’s engaging with the research, how it’s being received, and the nature of its real-world impact across diverse channels.

Available to users of Altmetric Explorer, this innovative feature is designed to address the growing challenge of translating complex research attention metrics into clear, credible, and actionable narratives.

Altmetric Attention Digest is ideal for researchers or research admin teams, medical affairs teams, pharma professionals, publishers assessing article performance and editorial strategy, and governments and funders who need to track the reach and influence of funded research.

The new tool enables users to:

• Save time and maximize efficiency
• Demonstrate impact effectively
• Enhance reporting
• Assess content performance
• Make smarter, data-driven decisions

Miguel Garcia, VP of Product, Digital Science, said: “We’re all interested in understanding how research impacts society, and although we already have solid ways of assessing academic impact, societal impact analyses could be improved.

“Altmetric has been counting mentions from multiple sources but it has been hard to explain how the research conversation proliferated, what were the main triggers and what real impact happened, especially at scale. Our dream at Altmetric has always been to provide a clean narrative for this.

“The new Altmetric Attention Digest leverages artificial intelligence to cut through data complexity, offering instant, comprehensive insights that empower users to understand the impact of research at a glance, gain strategic insights and make smarter decisions. It gets us much closer to that dream.”

See more about Altmetric Attention Digest

Introducing Altmetric Attention Digest

About Altmetric

Altmetric is a leading provider of alternative research metrics, helping everyone involved in research gauge the impact of their work. We serve diverse markets including universities, institutions, government, publishers, corporations, and those who fund research. Our powerful technology searches thousands of online sources, revealing where research is being shared and discussed. Teams can use our powerful Altmetric Explorer application to interrogate the data themselves, embed our dynamic ‘badges’ into their webpages, or get expert insights from Altmetric’s consultants. Altmetric is part of the Digital Science group, dedicated to making the research experience simpler and more productive by applying pioneering technology solutions. Find out more at altmetric.com and follow @altmetric on X and @altmetric.com on Bluesky.

About Digital Science

Digital Science is an AI-focused technology company providing innovative solutions to complex challenges faced by researchers, universities, governments, funders, industry, and publishers. We work in partnership to advance global research for the benefit of society. Through our brands – Altmetric, Dimensions, Figshare, IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, metaphacts, Overleaf, ReadCube, Symplectic, and Writefull – we believe when we solve problems together, we drive progress for all. Visit digital-science.com and follow Digital Science on Bluesky, on X or on LinkedIn.

Media Contact

David Ellis, Manager, Media & PR, Digital Science: Mobile +61 447 783 023, d.ellis@digital-science.com

The post Digital Science announces Altmetric Attention Digest to transform research impact communication appeared first on Digital Science.

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Digital Science Acquires Ontopic to Accelerate the Customer Journey for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs

London, UK / Bolzano, Italy – Wednesday 25 March 2026

Digital Science, a technology company providing innovative solutions to stakeholders across the research ecosystem, is pleased to announce the acquisition of Ontopic, a pioneer in Virtual Knowledge Graph technology.

Based in Bolzano, Italy, Ontopic is a spin-off from the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano and is renowned for its expertise in Ontop, the leading open-source framework for Virtual Knowledge Graphs (VKG) and Ontology-Based Data Access (ODBA).

By acquiring Ontopic, Digital Science continues its commitment to democratizing research data and providing enterprise-grade AI solutions that transform fragmented data into actionable knowledge.

Integrating Virtualization with Semantic Discovery

Ontopic’s core technology and its flagship product, Ontopic Studio, will be integrated with metaphactory, Digital Science’s industry-leading knowledge democratization platform. This integration will enable users to build and access Knowledge Graphs directly from their existing data sources, without the need for expensive and time-consuming data transformation.

By combining Ontopic’s virtualization capabilities with metaphactory’s low-code environment for semantic modeling and discovery, Digital Science is creating a seamless, end-to-end pipeline for the “Knowledge-First” enterprise.

Advancing Digital Science’s Knowledge Graph Competency

As part of this acquisition, the Ontopic team will join the recently established Knowledge Graph Competency group within Digital Science. This specialized group will serve as the company’s center of excellence for semantic technology, driving innovation across the Digital Science portfolio, including Dimensions and Altmetric.

The Ontopic management team will take on key leadership roles within this new group, ensuring that their deep academic and technical expertise remains at the heart of Digital Science’s growth strategy.

Responding to Customer Needs

“Our customers have consistently voiced a need for more agile ways to integrate data into their semantic layers and knowledge graphs. By welcoming Ontopic into the fold, we are directly answering that call. Ontopic has deep expertise in data virtualization, combined with a sophisticated approach to mapping management and automation. This represents a key advancement in our commitment to delivering a truly comprehensive and scalable platform, significantly enhancing the coherence and capability of our Enterprise Information Architecture solution,” said Sebastian Schmidt, EVP of the Enterprise segment at Digital Science.

Peter Hopfgartner, CEO and co-Founder of Ontopic, said: “Joining Digital Science is a pivotal moment for Ontopic. Our customers are no longer just looking for data integration; they are building the brain of their enterprise. By combining our virtualization technology with metaphacts, we are delivering a robust Semantic Layer that serves as the essential foundation for Trustworthy AI. Together, we enable AI agents to reason over real-time, distributed data with full context and zero duplication. We aren’t just helping companies find their data; we’re helping them turn it into an intelligent, autonomous asset.”

Alex Weissensteiner, Rector at the Free University of Bolzano (unibz), said: “We believed in Ontopic from the outset, recognizing its strong potential as an initiative rooted in excellent research and innovation. Today, its acquisition by a global knowledge and technology company confirms the soundness of that vision. Particularly significant is the fact that Ontopic will remain headquartered in Bolzano, maintaining here its research and development focus in the field of Virtual Knowledge Graphs.” 

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For more information, visit www.digital-science.com or https://ontopic.ai/en/

About Digital Science

Digital Science is an AI-focused technology company providing innovative solutions to complex challenges faced by researchers, universities, governments, funders, industry, and publishers. We work in partnership to advance global research for the benefit of society. Through our brands – Altmetric, Dimensions, Figshare, IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, metaphacts, Overleaf, ReadCube, Symplectic, and Writefull – we believe when we solve problems together, we drive progress for all. Visit digital-science.com and follow Digital Science on Bluesky, on X or on LinkedIn.

About Ontopic

Ontopic is the leading provider of Virtual Knowledge Graph solutions. Originating from the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Ontopic helps organizations integrate heterogeneous data sources into a unified semantic layer without the need for data duplication, enabling faster, more cost-effective data discovery.

Media Contact

David Ellis, Manager, Media & PR, Digital Science: d.ellis@digital-science.com

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Exploring the evolving role of publishers

Digital Science’s UK Publisher Day 2026 brought together publishers, industry and technology partners to explore the evolving role of publishers at a time when the way we conduct and interact with research is changing.

Across keynotes, panels, lightning talks and case studies, participants at every stage of their careers – from early career professionals to established leaders in scholarly publishing – shared their perspectives on the challenges ahead.

Several themes emerged throughout the day:

• AI is reshaping how research is discovered and consumed
• Research integrity challenges are becoming increasingly complex
• Traditional publishing metrics are under pressure
• Collaboration across the research ecosystem is more important than ever

Together, these conversations painted a picture of an industry actively adapting to new technologies, new expectations and new responsibilities.

Digital Science’s Helen Cooke (SVP Sales – Publisher Market) speaking at Publisher Day 2026

The state of scholarly publishing today

The opening keynote by Tim Gillett and Jon Hunt of Research Information explored the current dynamics between academia and the publishing industry, drawing on recent survey data comparing perspectives from institutions and publishers.

While the data showed areas of alignment around priorities such as research dissemination and impact, it also highlighted a persistent trust gap between institutions and the publishing industry. Institutions reported that industry support has improved since 2023, but progress has been gradual and expectations remain high.

Financial pressures across the research ecosystem are also shaping these relationships. Universities, funders and publishers are all navigating constrained budgets while trying to support increasingly complex research outputs and workflows.

A key question emerging from the discussion was who ultimately has the power to drive meaningful change within scholarly publishing. While no single stakeholder controls the system, the session suggested that progress will depend on clearer roles, stronger incentives for collaboration and continued dialogue across the community.

“The industry needs more conversation, clearer definitions of roles and responsibilities, and stronger incentives for collaboration.”

AI, however, was repeatedly highlighted as the issue that may reshape the industry most significantly in the coming years.

What early career professionals see as the future of publishing

One of the highlights of the day was a panel bringing together early career professionals from across the publishing industry, including representatives from Emerald Publishing, Taylor & Francis, Bloomsbury and Portland Press.

The discussion offered valuable insight into how the next generation of publishing professionals view the future of the industry.

Participants highlighted both opportunities and challenges. Open access continues to reshape publishing models, but many authors still struggle to understand how it works.

“Open access is really exciting… but it can get very confusing.”

Peer review was also identified as one of the biggest operational challenges facing publishers today, with many journals finding it increasingly difficult to recruit reviewers.

The panel also reflected on the skills that will matter most in the coming decade.

Adaptability, curiosity and strong interpersonal skills were repeatedly mentioned, particularly as AI becomes more integrated into publishing workflows.

“Don’t be scared… be confident to give things a go.”

Panel of early career professionals at Digital Science’s Publisher Day 2026

AI is reshaping how research is discovered

One of the most widely discussed topics of the day was the impact of Artificial Intelligence on research discovery. A panel discussion (conducted under Chatham House Rules) on journal usage in the age of AI explored how discovery behaviors are evolving as researchers increasingly interact with AI-driven tools.

Traditionally, researchers located content through keyword-based search and navigated directly to journal platforms. Increasingly, however, discovery is shifting toward natural language queries and AI-generated answers.

In this model, a researcher may ask a system a question, receive a summarized response, and never visit the original journal platform at all.

Publishers are already seeing early indicators of this shift. Click-through rates from search engines appear to be declining in some cases, while impressions of research content within search environments are increasing, creating a notable ‘crocodile effect’ within analytical performance.

The challenge for publishers is that research content may still be widely used, but the pathways through which it is accessed are becoming harder to observe directly.

In response, publishers are starting to rethink how content is structured and surfaced. It’s no longer just about optimizing for the end reader, but also for AI systems acting as intermediaries.

This introduces the idea of an “AI persona” alongside the traditional user persona. Content needs to be:

• Easy for machines to interpret and extract
• Supported by rich, structured metadata
• Written and formatted in a way that can be accurately summarized

As discovery continues to shift, the focus moves from driving clicks to ensuring content can be found, understood and used, whether by a human reader or an AI system.

Panel discussion on AI at Digital Science’s Publisher Day 2026

Why research metrics are becoming harder to interpret

While discovery evolves, so too does the challenge of measuring research engagement.

Traditional metrics such as page views, downloads and click-through rates were developed for a web browsing environment. AI-assisted discovery introduces a different interaction model, where insights from multiple papers can be synthesized without the user visiting individual journal pages.

This means that impressions may increase while click-through rates decline, not because content is less useful, but because the user no longer needs to open each source individually and manually scan for the content they need.

For publishers, this creates a new challenge: understanding true research consumption in an ecosystem where AI systems increasingly sit between users and content.

Improving infrastructure will be essential to addressing this issue. Reliable identifiers, well-maintained repositories and rich metadata will all play a role in helping publishers understand how research flows across the ecosystem.

A publisher perspective on implementing integrity tools

A case study from Dr Adya Misra of Sage, offered insight into how integrity tools are being deployed in practice.

The organization was the first publisher to deploy Dimensions Author Check internally and has since expanded its use beyond the research integrity team to commissioning and research engagement staff.

One of the key benefits has been the ability to consolidate information about authors and collaboration networks in a single environment, reducing the time required to validate researchers and investigate potential concerns.

“The tool provides us with the complete information about a record… we’re not having to look at multiple different information sources.”

At the same time, editorial judgement remains central to the process.

“We wanted the tool to guide our decision making but not insert it.”

The experience illustrates how integrity tools can support editorial teams while preserving the human judgement that remains essential to publishing decisions.

Dr Adya Misra from Sage, discussing research integrity at Publisher Day 2026

Detecting misconduct: the role of forensic scientometrics

The final keynote from Emeritus Professor Dorothy Bishop offered a fascinating finale to the day, exploring the growing field of Forensic Scientometrics, associated with independent research integrity investigators sometimes referred to as “sleuths”.

Researchers in this area analyze patterns across the scholarly record to identify potential misconduct, including fabricated research, manipulated images and coordinated paper mill activity.

The work often involves detailed analysis of publication patterns and datasets. In some cases, investigators identify unusual terminology or data inconsistencies that suggest attempts to bypass automated detection systems.

Open data plays a crucial role in enabling this work, allowing researchers to verify findings and identify discrepancies.

However, many of the people carrying out these investigations operate independently, often without institutional support. The time required for formal investigations can also be significant.

Raising concerns about published research can carry reputational risk, particularly when it involves established authors or institutions. In some regions, there may also be broader concerns around professional security and personal well-being.

At the same time, formal investigations can take time. Verifying evidence and navigating editorial or legal processes often slows the path from suspicion to action.

This creates a gap where problematic research can continue to circulate, highlighting the need for better support for investigators and faster, more coordinated responses across the industry.

As Dorothy noted:

“On average it takes about… 250 days to retract an article.”

During that time, problematic research may continue to circulate within the literature.

The discussion raised important questions about how the industry can accelerate investigations while also supporting those working to identify potential misconduct.

Emeritus Professor Dorothy Bishop speaking about research misconduct and forensic scientometrics at Digital Science’s Publisher Day 2026

Final reflections

Digital Science’s UK Publisher Day 2026 highlighted an industry in transition.

Artificial Intelligence is changing how research is discovered and consumed. Traditional engagement metrics are becoming less reliable indicators of research use. Research integrity investigations are growing in complexity. And across all of these issues, collaboration between institutions, publishers and technology providers is becoming increasingly important.

Just as importantly, the event demonstrated the value of bringing the scholarly communications community together.

Events like Publisher Day provide an opportunity to share perspectives, discuss challenges and build the relationships needed to navigate change across the research ecosystem.

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