Biomedical engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles of engineering, biology, and medicine to develop solutions and technologies for healthcare and biomedical applications.

It applies engineering principles to solve problems in the fields of healthcare, medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and medical research. Here are key aspects and areas related to biomedical engineering:

                                                             

Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Systems: Biomedical engineers work on the design and development of medical imaging technologies such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and positron emission tomography (PET). They also develop diagnostic systems and tools for detecting and monitoring diseases and medical conditions.


Biomedical Instrumentation: Biomedical engineers design and develop medical devices and instruments used in patient monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. These can include electrocardiography (ECG) devices, blood pressure monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps, and surgical instruments.


Biomechanics: Biomechanics focuses on the application of mechanical engineering principles to understand and analyze the mechanics of biological systems, such as human movement, joint mechanics, and tissue mechanics. Biomedical engineers use biomechanical principles to design prosthetics, orthotics, and rehabilitation devices.


Biomaterials: Biomaterials are materials used in medical devices and implants that interact with biological systems. Biomedical engineers work on the development and testing of biomaterials for applications such as artificial joints, dental implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery systems.


Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Biomedical engineers contribute to the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which involves the development of biomaterials, scaffolds, and engineering strategies to repair or regenerate damaged tissues and organs.


Medical Robotics and Surgical Technology: Biomedical engineers design and develop robotic systems and surgical technologies that aid in minimally invasive surgeries, precision procedures, and assistive devices for healthcare professionals. These technologies can improve surgical outcomes, reduce invasiveness, and enhance patient recovery.


Rehabilitation Engineering: Rehabilitation engineering focuses on the development of technologies and devices to assist individuals with disabilities or physical impairments. Biomedical engineers contribute to the design of assistive technologies, prosthetics, orthotics, and rehabilitation devices to enhance mobility, function, and quality of life.


Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: Biomedical engineers use computational tools and techniques to analyze biological and medical data, develop algorithms for medical imaging and signal processing, and model biological systems. This field plays a vital role in genomics, drug discovery, and personalized medicine.

                                                                

Medical Device Regulations and Safety: Biomedical engineers work in compliance with regulatory standards and guidelines to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and quality of medical devices. They are involved in risk assessment, testing, and validation of medical devices before they are approved for clinical use.


Healthcare Technology Management: Biomedical engineers are involved in the management and maintenance of medical equipment and technology within healthcare facilities. They ensure proper functioning, calibration, and safety of medical devices and systems.


Neural Engineering: Neural engineering combines engineering principles with neuroscience to develop technologies for understanding and interacting with the nervous system. This includes brain-computer interfaces, neuroprosthetics, and neural imaging techniques.


Medical Data Analysis and Healthcare Informatics: Biomedical engineers contribute to the analysis and interpretation of medical data, including electronic health records, medical imaging data, and clinical trials. They develop algorithms, machine learning models, and data visualization techniques to extract insights and support clinical decision-making.

Biomedical engineering plays a critical role in advancing healthcare, improving patient outcomes, and developing innovative solutions for medical challenges. It involves collaboration with healthcare professionals, researchers, and industry stakeholders to bridge the gap between engineering and medicine.


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Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure and physical structures.

It encompasses various disciplines and plays a crucial role in shaping the built environment. Here are key aspects and areas related to civil engineering:

                                                                          

Structural Engineering: Structural engineering involves the analysis, design, and construction of various structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, and towers. Structural engineers ensure that these structures are safe, stable, and can withstand the forces they are subjected to.


Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnical engineering deals with the behavior and properties of soil, rocks, and other geologic materials. Geotechnical engineers assess subsurface conditions, design foundations, slopes, and retaining structures, and provide recommendations for construction projects based on soil mechanics and geology.


Transportation Engineering: Transportation engineering focuses on the design, planning, and operation of transportation systems. This includes roadways, highways, railways, airports, and transit systems. Transportation engineers work on optimizing traffic flow, designing efficient transportation networks, and addressing issues related to transportation safety and sustainability.


Environmental Engineering: Environmental engineering involves the application of engineering principles to protect and preserve the environment. Environmental engineers work on projects related to water and wastewater treatment, air pollution control, solid waste management, and environmental impact assessments.


Water Resources Engineering: Water resources engineering deals with the management, development, and distribution of water resources. This includes designing water supply systems, drainage systems, flood control measures, and hydraulic structures such as dams, canals, and reservoirs.


Construction Engineering and Management: Construction engineering and management focus on the planning, coordination, and execution of construction projects. It includes project management, cost estimation, scheduling, quality control, and ensuring compliance with building codes and regulations.


Coastal and Ocean Engineering: Coastal and ocean engineering involve the design and construction of structures and systems to protect coastlines, manage coastal erosion, and develop marine facilities. This includes designing breakwaters, seawalls, harbor structures, and offshore platforms.


Structural Health Monitoring: Structural health monitoring involves the use of sensors and technologies to assess the condition, performance, and integrity of structures over time. It helps identify structural deficiencies, monitor for damage or deterioration, and inform maintenance and repair decisions.


                                                                              

Urban Planning: Urban planning focuses on the development and design of cities and urban areas. Urban planners work on land use planning, zoning regulations, transportation systems, infrastructure planning, and creating sustainable and livable communities.


Construction Materials and Techniques: Civil engineers study and select appropriate construction materials such as concrete, steel, timber, and composites. They also employ various construction techniques and methods to ensure efficient and safe construction practices.


Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Civil engineers assess and manage risks associated with infrastructure projects. This involves identifying potential hazards, analyzing their potential impact, and implementing measures to mitigate risks and enhance project resilience.


Sustainable and Green Engineering: Sustainable and green engineering principles are increasingly integrated into civil engineering practices. This includes designing environmentally friendly and energy-efficient structures, implementing sustainable construction methods, and considering life cycle assessments and environmental impacts.

Civil engineering is a broad field with numerous sub-disciplines and specializations. Civil engineers work on a wide range of projects, including residential and commercial buildings, transportation networks, water supply systems, and environmental protection initiatives. Their work contributes to the development, safety, and well-being of communities and society as a whole.

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An Energy Management System (EMS) is a comprehensive solution that helps organizations monitor, control, and optimize their energy consumption and resources.

It involves the use of software, hardware, and data analysis techniques to improve energy efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance sustainability. Here are key aspects and functionalities of an Energy Management System:

                                                              

  

Energy Monitoring and Data Collection: An EMS collects real-time data on energy consumption, production, and usage patterns from various sources such as smart meters, submeters, sensors, and building automation systems. This data provides insights into energy usage across different areas, departments, or processes within an organization.


Energy Data Analysis: EMS platforms analyze the collected energy data to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies. Advanced analytics techniques, including data visualization, regression analysis, and machine learning, can help uncover opportunities for energy optimization, detect inefficiencies, and make data-driven decisions.


Energy Efficiency Management: An EMS helps organizations improve energy efficiency by monitoring and optimizing energy consumption in real-time. It identifies energy-intensive areas, equipment, or processes and suggests strategies for reducing energy waste, such as equipment upgrades, scheduling optimizations, and operational adjustments.


Demand Response and Load Management: EMS systems can participate in demand response programs by adjusting energy consumption based on demand signals from utilities or grid operators. They can implement load management strategies to reduce energy usage during peak demand periods or automatically shift energy-intensive operations to off-peak hours.


Renewable Energy Integration: An EMS facilitates the integration and management of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or fuel cells. It optimizes the utilization of renewable energy based on factors like weather conditions, energy storage availability, and grid requirements, enabling organizations to maximize their use of clean energy and reduce reliance on traditional power sources.


Energy Benchmarking and Performance Tracking: EMS platforms allow organizations to set energy performance goals, establish benchmarks, and track progress over time. They provide energy performance indicators, energy intensity metrics, and comparison reports to measure the effectiveness of energy management initiatives and drive continuous improvement.


Carbon Footprint and Emissions Management: An EMS enables organizations to monitor and manage their carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. It tracks energy-related emissions and provides tools to calculate, report, and reduce carbon emissions. This supports environmental sustainability goals and compliance with carbon reporting standards and regulations.


Energy Procurement and Contract Management: Some EMS systems include functionalities for energy procurement and contract management. They help organizations optimize energy purchasing decisions, analyze utility bills, negotiate contracts, and manage relationships with energy suppliers. This can lead to cost savings and better energy procurement strategies.

                                                            

Equipment Maintenance and Fault Detection: An EMS can integrate with equipment monitoring systems to detect faults, anomalies, or malfunctions in energy-consuming devices or equipment. It provides alerts and notifications for proactive maintenance, reducing downtime, and optimizing equipment performance.


Reporting and Compliance: EMS platforms generate reports, dashboards, and visualizations to communicate energy management performance, savings, and environmental impact. They help organizations comply with energy-related regulations, certifications, and sustainability reporting requirements.


Behavioral Change and Employee Engagement: Some EMS systems include features to engage employees and encourage energy-conscious behaviors. This can involve providing energy usage feedback, conducting energy awareness campaigns, and incentivizing energy-saving actions, fostering a culture of energy efficiency within the organization.

By implementing an Energy Management System, organizations can gain better visibility and control over their energy consumption, reduce costs, enhance sustainability, and meet their energy-related goals and commitments. It enables data-driven decision-making, optimization of energy resources, and continuous improvement in energy performance.


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Computer software

Computer software refers to a collection of programs, instructions, and data that enable a computer system to perform specific tasks or functions. It is a crucial component of modern computing, allowing users to accomplish various activities ranging from simple word processing to complex data analysis and software development.

                                                                             

Types of Software: Software can be broadly categorized into two main types:

 System Software: System software includes operating systems, device drivers, and utility programs that facilitate the operation of computer hardware and provide a platform for running other software applications.

 Application Software: Application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks or applications, such as word processing, spreadsheets, graphic design, video editing, and more.


Software Development: Software development involves the process of designing, coding, testing, and maintaining software applications. It encompasses various methodologies, programming languages, and tools to create functional and reliable software solutions.


Open Source Software vs. Proprietary Software: Software can be categorized as open source or proprietary:

 Open Source Software: Open source software is developed collaboratively and is freely available for users to view, modify, and distribute the source code. Examples include the Linux operating system, the Apache web server, and the Firefox web browser.

 Proprietary Software: Proprietary software is developed and distributed by a company or individual under specific licensing terms. Users typically have limited access to the source code and must comply with the software license. Examples include Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and Windows operating system.


Software Licensing: Software licensing refers to the legal agreement between the software developer or vendor and the end-user. It defines the terms and conditions under which the software can be used, including limitations, rights, and restrictions.


Software Distribution: Software can be distributed through various channels, including physical media (CDs, DVDs), digital downloads, app stores, and cloud-based delivery models. Users can often choose between purchasing software licenses, subscribing to software as a service (SaaS), or utilizing free and open-source options.


Software Updates and Patches: Software developers frequently release updates and patches to fix bugs, improve functionality, and address security vulnerabilities. Users are encouraged to keep their software up to date to ensure optimal performance and security.


Software Compatibility: Software compatibility refers to the ability of different software applications to work together without conflicts or issues. Compatibility can be important when integrating multiple software components or when ensuring that software runs on different operating systems or hardware platforms.


Software End of Life: Software products have a lifecycle, and eventually, they reach the end of life (EOL) stage. This means that the software is no longer actively supported, updated, or maintained by the developer. Users are typically encouraged to transition to newer software versions or alternative solutions to ensure security and ongoing support.


Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS is a software delivery model in which applications are hosted on remote servers and accessed over the internet. Users typically pay a subscription fee to use the software, eliminating the need for local installation and maintenance.

Software Piracy: Software piracy refers to unauthorized copying, distribution, or use of copyrighted software. It is illegal and can result in legal consequences. Users are encouraged to respect software licenses and comply with copyright laws.

                                                                               

There are numerous computer software applications available for various purposes. Here are some common categories of computer software:

Operating Systems: Operating systems, such as Windows, macOS, and Linux, manage computer hardware and provide a platform for other software to run.


Productivity Suites: Productivity software, like Microsoft Office, Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), and LibreOffice, includes applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, and email clients.


Graphic Design and Image Editing: Software like Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, GIMP, and Canva enable users to create and edit digital images, illustrations, and graphics.


Video and Audio Editing: Applications like Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, Audacity, and Adobe Audition facilitate video and audio editing, allowing users to manipulate and enhance media content.


Web Browsers: Web browsers, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge, enable users to access and browse the internet.


Content Management Systems (CMS): Content management systems like WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal provide platforms for creating and managing websites, blogs, and online content.


Project Management Software: Project management tools like Trello, Asana, Microsoft Project, and Jira assist in planning, organizing, and tracking tasks, resources, and timelines for projects.


Customer Relationship Management (CRM): CRM software such as Salesforce, HubSpot, and Zoho CRM help businesses manage customer interactions, track leads, and streamline sales and marketing processes.


Data Analysis and Visualization: Software like Tableau, Microsoft Power BI, Python's pandas and matplotlib libraries, and R programming language enable data analysis, visualization, and business intelligence.


Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and 3D Modeling: CAD software such as AutoCAD, SolidWorks, and SketchUp facilitate the creation of detailed designs, blueprints, and 3D models.


Virtualization Software: Virtualization tools like VMware, VirtualBox, and Hyper-V allow users to create and run multiple virtual machines on a single physical computer.


Antivirus and Security Software: Antivirus programs like Norton, McAfee, and Avast protect against malware, viruses, and other security threats, while firewalls like ZoneAlarm and Norton Firewall safeguard computer networks.


File Compression and Archiving: Applications like WinRAR, 7-Zip, and WinZip enable users to compress files and create archives for easier storage and sharing.


Communication and Collaboration Tools: Software like Microsoft Teams, Slack, Zoom, and Google Meet facilitate communication, collaboration, and video conferencing among teams and individuals.


Programming and Development Tools: Programming environments like Visual Studio, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, and Sublime Text provide tools for coding, debugging, and software development across various programming languages.

These points provide a general overview of computer software and its various aspects. The software industry is diverse and dynamic, with continuous advancements, new technologies, and evolving trends shaping the software landscape.

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Decision Sciences

Decision Sciences is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on applying scientific methods, data analysis, and mathematical models to make informed decisions in various domains. It combines elements of mathematics, statistics, economics, computer science, and management science to address complex problems and improve decision-making processes.

The primary goal of Decision Sciences is to provide a systematic approach to understanding and improving decision-making in organizations and other contexts. It involves collecting and analyzing data, developing models and algorithms, and applying quantitative techniques to optimize decision outcomes.
 

                                                                         

 

Here are some key components and applications of Decision Sciences:

Data Analysis: Decision Sciences heavily relies on data analysis techniques to extract insights and patterns from large datasets. This involves using statistical methods, data mining, machine learning, and other analytical approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the problem at hand.


Decision Modeling: Decision Sciences involves creating models that represent decision problems and their associated variables, constraints, and objectives. These models help in structuring decision-making processes and provide a framework for evaluating different alternatives.


Optimization: Decision Sciences often includes optimization methods to find the best possible solution among a set of available options. Optimization techniques aim to maximize or minimize specific objectives while considering various constraints.


Forecasting: Decision Sciences utilizes forecasting techniques to predict future outcomes based on historical data and trends. These forecasts can aid decision-makers in planning and allocating resources effectively.


Risk Analysis: Decision Sciences incorporates risk analysis to evaluate and quantify uncertainties associated with decision-making. By considering potential risks and their probabilities, decision-makers can make more informed choices and develop strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes.


Operations Research: Operations research is a subfield of Decision Sciences that focuses on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of operations within organizations. It involves mathematical modeling, optimization, and simulation techniques to solve complex operational problems.


Supply Chain Management: Decision Sciences plays a crucial role in supply chain management by optimizing logistics, inventory management, and distribution networks. It helps in improving supply chain efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing customer satisfaction.


Financial Decision Making: Decision Sciences techniques are often applied in financial decision-making processes, such as portfolio optimization, risk management, and investment analysis. It assists in making data-driven financial decisions and maximizing returns.


Healthcare Management: Decision Sciences can be applied in healthcare management to optimize resource allocation, patient flow, scheduling, and treatment planning. It helps healthcare providers improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and enhance operational efficiency.


Decision Support Systems: Decision Sciences involves the development and implementation of decision support systems (DSS). These systems integrate data, models, and algorithms to assist decision-makers in evaluating alternatives, exploring scenarios, and making informed decisions.


Simulation Modeling: Decision Sciences utilizes simulation modeling to mimic real-world systems and analyze their behavior under different conditions. Simulation models help in understanding complex systems, predicting outcomes, and evaluating the impact of different decisions.


Strategic Planning: Decision Sciences provides tools and techniques for strategic planning, helping organizations define their goals, identify opportunities, and develop action plans. It enables decision-makers to align their decisions with long-term objectives and evaluate the potential outcomes.


Market Research and Consumer Behavior: Decision Sciences incorporates market research methods to gather data on consumer behavior, preferences, and market trends. By analyzing this data, organizations can make better-informed decisions related to product development, pricing, marketing strategies, and customer satisfaction.


Project Management: Decision Sciences techniques can be applied to project management, aiding in project planning, resource allocation, risk assessment, and scheduling. It helps project managers optimize project outcomes, manage uncertainties, and improve project success rates.


Quality Management: Decision Sciences plays a role in quality management by providing tools and methodologies for process improvement, quality control, and performance measurement. It helps organizations identify areas for improvement, optimize processes, and enhance product or service quality.


                                                                        

Environmental Decision Making: Decision Sciences can be applied to environmental decision-making processes, such as natural resource management, energy planning, and environmental impact assessment. It assists in evaluating different alternatives, considering environmental factors, and making sustainable decisions.


Human Resources Management: Decision Sciences techniques can be utilized in human resources management for workforce planning, talent acquisition, performance evaluation, and employee scheduling. It helps organizations optimize their human capital and make data-driven decisions regarding workforce management.


Government and Public Policy: Decision Sciences has applications in government and public policy domains. It aids policymakers in analyzing policy options, evaluating the potential impact of decisions, and optimizing resource allocation to address societal challenges effectively.


Supply Chain Analytics: Decision Sciences incorporates supply chain analytics to optimize supply chain operations, enhance visibility, and improve overall efficiency. It involves analyzing supply chain data to identify bottlenecks, optimize inventory levels, reduce lead times, and improve customer satisfaction.


                                                                                 

Customer Relationship Management: Decision Sciences techniques can be applied to customer relationship management (CRM) to analyze customer data, segment customers, and develop personalized marketing strategies. It helps organizations understand customer preferences, anticipate their needs, and enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty.

These are just a few examples of the wide range of applications and areas where Decision Sciences can be employed. The field continues to evolve with advancements in data analysis, technology, and computational methods, enabling more sophisticated decision-making processes across various industries and sectors.

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SDGs: A level playing field?

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals have become a byword for the key challenges our world faces. But are developing countries facing an additional challenge, by not being recognized equally for the impact their research is having? Simon Linacre looks at a new white paper that shows more can be done to raise up funding and research recognition for the developing world.

When the UN adopted the SDGs in 2015 to focus attention on the major challenges facing the world, it did so seeking to recognise all 193 signatory countries equally. It has always been apparent that some of the worst problems facing humanity are felt much more keenly in developing countries, however the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was an opportunity to right the wrongs of the past and even out inequalities.

However, there has been a nagging doubt, to paraphrase George Orwell, that ‘all countries are equal, but some countries are more equal than others’. This fear has been realized in a landmark white paper by Times Higher Education (THE),  Prince Sultan University and Digital Science, titled ‘Research in the Context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in the Developed and Developing World: Evidence From the Past 15 Years’ and available on the website of the 2023 Global Sustainable Development Congress where it was released last week. 

Figures 12 and 13 from the white paper. SDGs research outputs per year, organized by country income. Source: Dimensions.

The white paper is the most comprehensive of its kind to date and calls for greater equity for developing nations within the global research ecosystem, especially as those countries are impacted most by the issues the SDGs focus on. 

The white paper was commissioned by THE and utilizes data from Dimensions to uncover significant gaps in research funding, collaboration and assessment between developed and developing countries. Lower income countries struggle to gain recognition for their contributions towards the SDGs. The authors wanted to level the playing field with a series of recommendations, including:

• Targeted interventions to support lower-income countries, promote research infrastructure, and provide funding opportunities to bolster their research capacities and collaborations
• Continued use of THE Impact Rankings to help address global inequalities and promote strong SDG partnerships between regions
• Use of comprehensive and (if needed) bespoke metrics that capture the multidimensional aspects of research impact aligned with the SDGs, to provide valuable insights and guide policy-making and funding decisions
• Incentives at local and international levels to accelerate SDG research and research collaboration between high-income and lower-income countries, to help uplift scholars from countries that suffer from structural, historical and contemporary imbalances of power in the global research ecosystem.

When reviewing the report, it is clear from the analysis that there is a substantial gap between higher and lower income nations when it comes to research funding and recognition. Perhaps most importantly, this gap has been closing only slowly over the past 15 years, not quickly as one might hope and expect. 

The authors – Professor Mohammad Nurunnabi (Prince Sultan University), Dr Sanjida Haque (Prince Sultan University), Ms Ann Campbell (Digital Science), Dr Juergen Wastl (Digital Science), Dr Ishan Cader (Times Higher Education) – conclude by seeking to reinforce the urgent calls to action by policymakers, both regionally and globally. They say there is a clear need to reflect the quality and impact of research within less developed regions and implement strategies that not only improve the research ecosystem, but that utilize the global influence of university impact rankings. For everyone’s sake, let’s hope the game can be changed in favor of those who have been at a disadvantage since the first whistle.

“Research in the Context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in the Developed and Developing World: Evidence From the Past 15 Years” is available on the website of the 2023 Global Sustainable Development Congress.

Simon Linacre

About the Author

Simon Linacre, Head of Content, Brand & Press | Digital Science

Simon has 20 years’ experience in scholarly communications. He has lectured and published on the topics of bibliometrics, publication ethics and research impact, and has recently authored a book on predatory publishing. Simon is also a COPE Trustee and ALPSP tutor, and holds Masters degrees in Philosophy and International Business.

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